Soil carbon sequestration (SCS) involves capturing atmospheric carbon in soil, with soil microbial communities (SMC) playing a critical role in carbon cycling and nutrient delivery. This study reviews 197 publications, highlighting that sustainable SCS improvements depend on understanding and managing SMC. Effective agricultural practices must consider SMC interactions with soil organic matter (SOM) and aggregates. Reintroducing microbial communities is crucial for long-term carbon storage and stability.