Microorganisms significantly enhance plant growth and resilience by converting nutrients, inhibiting pathogens, and inducing defense responses.** Despite advances in omics and gene editing for crop improvement, the role of beneficial soil microbes in nutrient acquisition and stress resistance is often overlooked. This review emphasizes the need for microbial inoculant technologies, such as PGPR and PGPB, as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical fertilizers, highlighting their potential for sustainable agriculture.