Land desertification in Brazil’s semiarid region is driven by human activities like overgrazing and deforestation, leading to soil erosion, loss of vegetation, and decreased soil health. Restoration practices such as grazing exclusion, cover crops, and terracing have shown promise in improving soil fertility and microbial properties. This review assesses these practices' effectiveness, focusing on the soil microbiome and its functions to better understand and combat desertification in this sensitive area.