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Bacillus xiamenensis and earthworm Eisenia fetida in bio removal of lead, nickel and cadmium: A combined bioremediation approach

In contaminated soils, heavy metal-resistant bacteria (VITMSJ3) combined with earthworms effectively removed 65–70% of Pb, Ni, and Cd, enhancing enzymatic activity and reducing DNA damage in earthworms. SEM and EDAX confirmed bacterial presence in earthworm guts and metal accumulation, highlighting the bacteria's role in mitigating metal stress and improving earthworm health.

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